The life history anthropological perspective

An interview I had with my brother turned out to be very unusual that is to my surprise it was, for me, a new revelation of his inner self. The whole session became personal and sensitive. I came to know a new person, whom I did not know earlier, in him. That is about his condition and experiences of having muscular dystrophy. His perils and his optimistic views, in spite of struggling with the disabilities. It was astonishing to learn that after my thoughts of how I know him so well because he is my brother, there are still a lot of things that I do not know about him. This interview has definitely introduced me to a new person in my brother. The life history anthropological perspective At the age of 6, he was diagnosed with muscular dystrophy. The diagnosing of this situation in him was a hard one for mother to accept. She had always kept this factor to her heart and made sure he never even feel that he was sick. She tried and the rhythm of his routine was as normal as anyone else of the same age. At the same time the frustration of not being able to do whatever he wanted made him angry at everything in the beginning. He slowly began to realize that he could still have nice feelings. And that is where he could still try to do everything what the other kids did. The dramatic end they had was often embarrassing but he found them to be great fun. This concept of having fun in the awesome and dramatic eventualities of an other ways routine for a kid of his age seems to me as the first step of his finding the life meaning full. The perils of his condition took deeply toll of him. Its true that I have seen most of him in my life, this interview gave me a new perspective of him. The high school, like any other kid, was interesting to him. The presence of his brother was a solace. Brother had to live two years earlier than he did. That was the time he felt bad about the saying â€Å"Oh, yet defend me, friends; I am but hurt†. (Alexander, p 1071) He even thought at the end of his high school that the high school was waste of time. I have a strong feeling that the lack of friends, after having to sit with older kids when his brother was there, made him lonelier than one could ever feel. A pretty librarian’s company was too limited an entertainment for boy of that age. His mindset, by the time he left the high school, might have greatly been influenced by the fact that he was a disabled, unlike other kids. It can be termed as the greatest disaster that happened in his life with the unhealthy Physical condition he suffered from. Having met death face to face with pneumonia at the age of 23, he realizes the need of living life to the fullest. However this realization seems to be the positive out put completely derived from the life threatening situations he went through. I would say it was a therapeutic experience for the both of us because somehow after that interview, he felt good having to share all his thoughts and feelings to someone who he can trust and depend on. In addition, for me I felt as if something good and special came out of it – within my self as a person and between the both of us and our relationship as family. From the first question alone, I was really dazed that he was willing to open up like that with regards to his diagnosis and learning from the doctors that he would not be able to live to see his twentieth year. His courage and strength really shows up by how he handles and is still handling his condition. His openness to me, freely sharing the inner most feelings of his struggles, was really to be considered as an advantage to me because we had an intimacy of being the same family. My brother was open to the entire experience. It was not difficult to convince him to go through with a personal interview with me. He actually enjoyed it because he knew he was helping me out and he really liked the idea of reflecting on past events and experiences that he had in his life. He prides me with joy knowing that he is not the kind of person who gives up. He was able to defeat his worries and fears and still made great efforts to do what most children did at his age from very early in his life. The interview has greatly changed our relationship as siblings. First, we know we have gotten closer because now I feel like I have evaded the person in him that I did not know all these years. My brother has opened up as new person himself. The moral of the  Story is that it has developed in me a sense of self-acceptance. The conversation with him has taught me to accept and take things as they come.   Brushing aside all the limitations, he has the confidence to tell me that that there are a lot of things to do and that he wanted to live his life to the fullest makes me look at myself and rethink what my problems are and what my mindset was. The world we live in has a lot more problems for its people. A lot of people complain about things, just like the poor boy complaining that ‘I have no shoes, I have no shoes.’ Until, he saw a man with no legs. If we as normal people complain about our lives and not having to succeed in situations where we want to accomplish many tasks, I guess we should think about those who unwillingly have disabilities, such as muscular dystrophy. My brother’s out look towards life was one of great self-esteem and acceptance but the conversation gave me great cultural insight as compassionate side, in me sparked off like a matchstick. Everything that he said I took note off and from them I draw my inspiration in reinventing my life, and am compassionate in my society. I took note of his words as he said you’d never be able to make anyone else happy if you can’t look at yourself in the mirror and be happy at what you see. Reference Alexander, Peter (1985) A book on complete works of Shakespeare. English language book society.      

The Most Identifiable American Neo Expressionist Artists Film Studies Essay

Appropriation is defined as: The artistic pattern or technique of make overing images from well-known pictures, exposure, etc. , in one ‘s ain work. David Salle and Julian Schnabel are considered to be the most identifiable American Neo-Expressionist creative persons. These creative persons use appropriation to make new images from history, pop civilization and modern-day art. By borrowing imagination from a assortment of beginnings, their graphics is set apart from work by other creative persons. What sets Salle and Schnabel apart is that they do non merely put the borrowed images into a montage but they redraw or repaint the images taking their ownership of the objects. They non merely make an image that looks new, they besides create artworks the emotionally experience different as good. David Salle deliberately and carefully topographic points images that â€Å" mention to plan, to older art, to current political events, to foreign civilizations, to movie noir and, above all, to the slippery terrain of human dealingss, particularly those between adult females and work forces. † Salle ‘s pictures are most frequently physically divided into two or more parts. His pictures are officially big nevertheless emotionally intimate. There is normally a background that interacts with overlying images. While the background is slightly quiet or filtered, the overlying images are brighter and bolder. Womans are a favourite topic. In his abstract pictures the original context seems to be really vague. In other words, even if you know where the original image was taken from, it does nil to assist understand the significance it takes in his diversion of it. It can be thwarting to the spectator to digest all the images of Salle ‘s art. The imagination is a changele ss conflict between big and little, painted and drawn, one colour and another, shut up and far off. For illustration in Salle ‘s picture, Tennyson, he is able to get married together figuration with pictural linguistic communication. As kind of court, Salle often incorporates images and objects found in Jasper John ‘s work, including the name â€Å" Tennyson. † He besides uses a readymade object ( wooden ear ) to perchance cite John ‘s, Target with Plaster Casts † 1955. I instantly question the significance of the stick outing ear to the connexion of the rubric. The out of use letters across the picture perplex the enigma of the ear by spelling out the name of a Victorian poet. The wooden alleviation of the ear bids your attending over the picture of the bare adult female. The female figure lies in a field of a chocolate-brown xanthous colour. The colour field is interrupted by spots of greenish blue and ruddy which seem to border the out of use letters. The ear is placed in the upper right manus corner and is framed and highlighted by the bold spot o f greenish blue. The ear seems to be listening to the rubric of the picture. There is a sense of wrongness given by the bold picture of the poets name across the organic structure of the bare female. The first two missive of the rubric are painted different colourss. This suggests importance of the remainder of the letters. Is the ear hearing to the rubric as a whole or merely listening to â€Å" T†¦ Tocopherol†¦ † ? If so, how is it related to sensualness of the bare female? As with many other of Salle ‘s artworks the inquiries provoked are without simple replies. Salle appropriates images because he is attracted to them and insists that there is no narrative to them. He chooses images based by the temper of the scene and it is temper that he is after in his ain picture. Although his disconnected imagination does non ever seem to add up as a whole, he is still able to put an implicit in temper between the images. Much like David Salle, Julian Schnabel ‘s work draws on a broad assortment of beginnings and stuffs. Schnabel besides normally uses the technique of overlapping images and multiple canvases like Salle. Formally, his pictures are tremendous and over painted with heavy pigments. Schnabel chooses to picture images appropriated from bing art and the mass media which besides included attaching existent objects to his canvases. He seems to desire his pictures to do contact with the outer universe by presenting existent things and existent topics. His attack is non to arise against art of the past and alternatively to unite past manners. His combinative attack became his chief manner of picture. In contrast to Salle ‘s thoughts that self-expression is inappropriate, Schnabel ‘s holds high respect to non merely appropriation of imagination but besides to self-expression in his plant. He often features spiritual and, in peculiar, Catholic iconography and subjects. He wants to undertake issues of life and decease, agony, spiritualty, as in Exile,1980. Schnabel is drawn to the Baroque manner of picture and derives imagination from it. In the picture named Exile, a immature adult male is keeping a basket of fruit. This is a copied image from Caravaggio, Boy with a Basket of Fruit, 1594. The other piece of imagination is from a kid ‘s amusing book. These combined images are presumed to pull on the analogues between the Italian creative person ‘s isolation and his ain in downtown NY. Antlers are absolutely positioned on the canvas. The â€Å" utilize the antlers non to disjoin the surface of the picture as the home bases do but to add another distinguishable component of pulling to the composing. If cubism can be understood as the effort to capture 3-dimensional infinite on a planar surface, so Schnabel ‘s pictures seek to change by reversal that procedure. † ( 2 ) Merely as Salle was successful in impairing figuration with pictural linguistic communication, Schnabel ‘s success came with blending saintly subjects with a sign technique. Neo-expressionists as a whole are brave, bold and make bolding. Formally the pictures are typically big and are rapidly executed. They feel free to paint their ain desires, memories and frights. They detested the impression of painting â€Å" about nil. † Neo-expressionism brought back the romantic topics and traditional signifiers. Their ends were to make emotionality of narrative and historical content. Another common land shared between Italian, German and American creative persons is their ability to intermix tradition and invention, history and current events, emotion and look. What begins to put them apart is that creative persons tended to pay most attending to their ain heritage. â€Å" Peoples have withdrawn into their ain histories to seek to happen meaningsaˆÂ ¦ When Italians and Germans go back into their history, they ‘re traveling back to their strengths. A batch of Americans are traveling back to their beginnings excessively † ( 3 ) Although Neo-expressionism art can non be classified as holding merely one expression, the nationalities of the creative persons are reflected in their work. Anselm Kiefer borrows from Germany ‘s history, mythology and romantic symbols with work such as Nigrede, 1984. In the tremendous picture Kiefer expresses the centuries of struggle and desolation that occurred on German dirt. The canvas is enourmous in graduated table with a textured surface of straw and lead. American creative persons were besides bring forthing art along the same pathways nevertheless the procedures of allowing images were different. American painter Eric Fischl produced plants that distinctively have American mentions as in Fischl ‘s Dining Room, Scene 2, 2003. Transavantguardia creative person Mimmo Paladino, conveys the subject of life and decease through crude images by the usage of fables and myths as motives. For illustration in Baal, 1986, he paints an ancient Phoenician myth. The myths of his heritage are spirits that â€Å" have the signifier of the human being, and they control the life, aging, unwellness and decease of adult male with their mighty ruling power over nature. † ( 4 )

Applying theory of career construction to case study

Applying theory of career construction to case study The purpose of this case study is to apply Savickas’ Theory of Career Construction to a volunteer client Karen. Complete a narrative interview using the structured interview questions in the Career Style Interview, and employing the six steps. Discuss interpretations, observations and obtain her feedback. Theoretical foundation of Career Construction Theory The theoretical foundation of Career Construction theory (CCT) has its beginnings from Constructivism, and according to Sharf (2009) Constructivism is a psychological approach that has developed out of a postmodern philosophical position. It has been stated the Postmodernism period was a â€Å"reaction to modernism†, in that it highlighted the differences in individual views rather than a one-sided, rational scientific view of modernism. (Sharf 2009) Constructivist saw individuals as creators of their own destiny, and constructivist counselors sought to help clients discover that meaning and resolve any discrepancy. (Sharf 2009) According to (Sharf 2009, p316) the constructivism approach was greatly affected by the changing of the work environments in the 1970’s. Employees were no longer staying with one position for their whole work life, as companies were becoming â€Å"less loyal† to employees and watching out for own bottom-line by â€Å"downsizing† their workforce to â€Å"part-time†. Employees soon discovered they needed to take charge of their future and looked to career counselors for help. According to (Busacca, 2007) constructivist career counseling attempts to answer one question â€Å"how can an individual negotiate a lifetime job changes and not lose a sense of self?† Career construction theory (CCT) came about to help individuals develop meaning out of their career choices and actions. CCT addresses how an individual’s â€Å"career†, is made from its personal and social constructs or interactions. These constructs are not actual re al reality, but an individual’s representation of that reality. CCT defines career as an objective and subjective construct. Objectively speaking, career is a listing of positions from the past to present. Subjectively, career is the personal meaning or a pattern of experiences from past, present and future. (Savickas, 2005, p43) CCT is made of three distinct perspectives and each seeks to determine how the individual views their life and career, and how they work together. (Busacca, 2007) These perspectives are life theme, career adaptability, and vocational personality. The Purpose and the Suppositions The purpose of CCT is to help the individual discover the subjective meaning in their work. In helping the individual discover this type of meaning, CCT stress the importance of the relationship between the individual and the counselor. Life themes In Holland’s career development theory, his inventories were used to obtain critical information about the individual, and make predictions about a career path, and also the likely hood of success along this path. Career construction theory takes advantage of the individual’s narrated work stories to discover any meanings or patterns. (Busacca, 2007) It has been stated that â€Å"pattern is the primary unit of meaning†. â€Å"By consciously organizing and binding together these discrete experiences, a unifying life theme patterns† (Savickas 2005, p 58) â€Å"patterns becomes a fundamental and essential way of being because it provides a way for individuals to see themselves and see what is important in the world.† (Savickas, 2005 p58)

Five Forces Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Five Forces Model - Essay Example s are powerful, they can exert pressure on the producing industry such as setting very high prices for the raw materials so as to capture some of the industry’s profits. Pines, 2006 in the Journal of emergency medicine asserts that the suppliers enjoy their power if there is credible forward integration. A good example of this is Baxter International which is a big manufacturer of hospital supplies where it acquired American Hospital supply, a distributor. In doing so, the company gained a lot of bargaining power, and consequently set higher prices for the supplies to maximise on the profit. Suppliers offering differentiated products such as pharmaceutical companies offering patented drugs with distinctive medical benefits have power over hospitals and health maintenance organisations as well as other drug buyer companies offering generics. When there are only a few suppliers available in an industry, their bargaining power is higher as they take advantage so as to increase their profits. Scholars have cited that suppliers may gain power when there is a significant cost involved to change suppliers. A good example is the relationship between Microso ft and the PC manufacturers. Microsoft’s near monopoly in the operating system increases its supplier bargaining power. However, the supplier bargaining power may be weak in the case of many competitive suppliers, for example the tire manufacturing companies in America, the prices become standardized (Roy, 2006). The suppliers also lose power when there is only a little switching cost to another supplier or the when the industries being supplied with the raw materials threaten to integrate backward producing the industries product if the suppliers are too profitable. The five forces therefore reveal if the industry is profitable and help investors anticipate positive and negative shifts. Clarke, P. (January 01, 1999). Porters Five Forces Model: A Methodological Critique- or the Importance of Methodology in the

National Law being non-Codified but following principle of judicial Essay

National Law being non-Codified but following principle of judicial precedent - Essay Example On the other hand, uncodified constitutions, such as that of the UK permit considerable flexibility and scope for amendment or abolition of their contents.2 It has been contended by some scholars that the UK could not entertain a codified constitution, principally due to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. However, this stance has been challenged by other scholars, who are firmly convinced that parliamentary sovereignty and a codified constitution can coexist. 3 Precedent in the judicial context tends to deprive the judicial process of flexibility. There is an inordinate dependency on past events, which evolving social and political conditions tend to render irrelevant to the present. Similarly, what is decided under a particular set of circumstances today, would have to be complied with in the future, if a similar set of circumstances were to prevail. This is patently unjust and unreasonable. 5 From the above discussion it becomes very clear that any system based on precedent is not in touch with the contemporary situation. Society and politics are dynamic systems, which keep evolving continuously. Such inexorable and persistent evolution necessitates a flexible approach, which is signally absent in any system based on precedent. This makes a strong case for adopting and implementing a codified constitution in the UK. Blick A, (February 2011) ‘Codifying – or not codifying – the UK constitution: A Literature Review’ accessed 4 September

Overview of the Israel-Palestine conflict Essay

Overview of the Israel-Palestine conflict - Essay Example The conditions got exacerbated due to violent tradeoffs between both sides in their short span of history. Right from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, to the 1967 six-day war, and recent spate of suicide bombings from Palestinian side, in response to Israeli disregard to basic human rights needs of Arabs in the country. In this whole uncharacteristic mess, if there is light at the end of the tunnel, it is due to the number of peace treaties signed between the two sides, at the mediation of third parties like the United States and EU. The United Nations, on the other hand, has been the most important stabilizing force and this addresses the central question raised in the essay: What are the different sister organizations of the UN, instituted specifically for the Palestine problem What are their roles in relation to providing aid, relief and succor to bedraggled Palestinian civilians due to the never-ending nature of the problem What should be the future course of action, for the UN, and its sister organizations, in the era of changing global geopolitics, particularly the change in Government in Iraq, US stand-off with Iran, and the general climate in the Middle East The United Nations influence, however, has often been sidelined by major powers in the Security Council, especially the United States from time to time. A chapter in the UN peacekeeping guidelines handbook, contains harsh provisions with respect to "threats to the peace, breaches to peace, and acts of aggression", but often drastic measures taken by the UN are subjected to Veto disapproval (Zacarias, 1999). Under these provisions, the UN established its first UN Emergency Force (UNEF I) in 1956, and in 1965 again, a framework of peacekeeping was formed (Zacarias, 1999). But, a bipolar world then, and reverse ideologies made it impossible for the UN to act at its own discretion, as a peacekeeper in the Palestine problem (Zacarias, 1999). Whenever the strategic interest of a superpower was at stake, it was easy to ignore the UN mandate (Zacarias, 1999). However, since the end of the Cold War, there has been a resurgence in the UN's actual "powers" vis--vis International disputes resolution. It was the UN that facilitated Soviet troop withdrawal in Afghanistan, led to a peace agreement in Central America, led to political transition in Namibia, and undertook aid and peacekeeping efforts in many other places such as Gulf War Iraq, Somalia, Sudan, Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq in recent times (Zacarias, 1999).

Training and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Training and development - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the Human Resource Development process has become an essential component of organizational ascent in the present diverse as well as the global scenario. New skills and learning ability need to be inculcated by the senior HRD managers in their staff in order to achieve success. They need to ensure a continuous and ongoing learning process for the staff to avoid stagnation and rigid ideas. The process itself needs to be applied in a phased manner. The HRD managers should be able to establish a working relationship with the staff and they should possess skills and capabilities to train, coordinate and identify problems faced by the employees in terms of changed scenarios like diversity, global competition, and necessary new skills. They should be able to identify both external and internal factors influencing employee behavior. They should be able to influence employees by leadership qualities and noncoercive methods of persuasion. They s hould use both personal outcomes and organizational outcomes as a motivating factor for the employees. The trainee characteristics and their trainability need to be evaluated and decisions made accordingly. The lack of participation in the training and development programs can be both due to extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The external factors which might have contributed could be the job environment and prospects prevalent in the country in the immediate future, financial strength of the students or fear of enormity/comprehension of the courses offered.

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing research - Essay Example According to World Health Organization (2009), breast milk is the perfect natural food for babies. According to this article, breast milk is composed of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that are perfectly mixed appropriate for the development of physiology in babies. Breast milk according to this article, contains protective substances that provide the baby with immunity to diseases. This article shows that during the early stages of the life of the baby, breast milk meets virtually all the nutrients required by the baby and there is no other fluid including water is required noting that breast milk is composed of 88% water which is enough to satisfy the thirst of an infant. This article summarized research showing that infants need to be breastfed exclusively for the first six months. This article indicates that those babies who are exclusively breastfed for period of six months have on average 8.6 times lower risks of the diarrheal illness. In this same article it is recommended t hat breastfeeding should continue along with the solid food introduction such as complimentary feeding for not less than 23 months. This implies according to this study that the minimum period that is needed to adequately nourish a growing child is 2 years though some parents might wish to continue with breastfeed for a period beyond this. Moreover, the article recommends that breast milk provide at least 50 percent of calories for a child between 6 and 12 months of age, and one-third of calories between 12 and 24 months of age. According to Arifeen et al (2005) deaths that occur due to diarrhea and pneumonia can be reduced by one third among the infants if infants were to be exclusively rather than partially breastfed for a period of the first four months. Unfortunately, 35 percent of infants are exclusively breastfed for a period of six months. According to this article, breastfeeding, as well confers long term and intermediate benefits on both the mother and the child which inclu des aiding in protecting the child against various acute and chronic disorders. This article indicate that at 6 months of age, increased energy demand of an infant begin to exceed the amount of energy that is provided by the breast milk and that is the time to start introducing foods. Arifeen et al (2005 noted that it might not be proper for a mother to continue breastfeeding exclusively beyond this point. This study indicated that the breastfeeding process needs to be proceeded on demand throughout the entire complimentary feeding period. This is said so because breast milk often provide higher quality of nutrients as compared to the complimentary foods. Moreover, breast milk is a protective factor guarding against childhood diseases and it helps in reducing on the risks of chronic diseases that might come later in life. In this article, the author indicated that at six months of age, the increased energy needs of the infant start to exceed the energy provided by breast milk, so th at’s the time to begin to introduce foods.   It is not okay to continue to breastfeed exclusively at this point.  At the same time, breastfeeding should still continue on-demand throughout the complementary feeding period (up to 2 years of age) (Arifeen et al, 2005).   Breast milk continues to provide higher quality nutrients than complementary foods, and also protective factors that guard against childhood illness and reduce the risk of chronic diseas

SUmmary for an article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SUmmary for an - Article Example The author describes his own gradual discovery of life-threatening illness, and the implications of this for him on a personal level, and he sets this within the wider context of the human condition generally. The first major insight that the author reports is that he becomes obsessed, in a rather unpleasant way, with his own body and that it is not so much the physical symptoms of disease that affect him, as the psychological ones â€Å"its most profound effect was upon my consciousness, my self-awareness, the way I apprehended and constructed the world and my position in it† (p. 13). Murphy comments on the tendency of clinicians to diagnose psycho-somatic illness when they cannot identify any clear physical cause for the symptoms reported. There is an amusing account of a visit to a psychiatrist, whom the author dismisses with an academic remark about the proposed treatments, and an honest admission of the author’s limited understanding of the field of neurology. Throughout the article the author highlights the euphemistic use of language as a way of trying to reassure people in the face of unwelcome developments, for example â€Å"the unforgivable neologism restructuring† (p. 10) which really means financial cuts, and medical terms like â€Å"obstruction† (p. 17) which really means a tumor. This illustrates one of his main themes, which is the way that sub-groups in society using slanted definitions to pull unwary outsiders into their own mini-world in which power structures privilege the insiders. This insight relates to the theories of Talcott Parsons relating to the so called â€Å"sick role† and Goffman relating to front and back stage behavior, which explain how illness takes over the whole of a person’s life, robbing him or her of freedom and prescribing new rules and a new objective, namely to get well again. The institution imposes a new identity on the patient, and he has to adjust to its expectations. The article ends with some

William Foxwell Albright Essay Example for Free

William Foxwell Albright Essay William Foxwell Albright was born in 1891 and died eighty years later in 1971. He was born in Chile, where his parents were missionaries. Poor eye sight as a child meant he did not often join other children in play. Instead he turned to his father’s library. The family returned to the United State of America in 1903. Always a scholar,, his skills meant that he obtained his doctorate in Semitic languages at the very early age of 22 in 1913. From 1929 – 1958 he taught at John Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, where he was the professor of Semitic Languages, while, for much of that time, also being director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem, now re-named as The W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research. He held the latter post from 1921 to 29 and again from 1933-6. He was also the senior editor of the Anchor Bible series for the fifteen years from 1956 until he died in 1971 as well as making contributions to important definitive reference books such as the Cambridge University Press , ‘The Cambridge Ancient History’. According to his sentry in the New World Encyclopedia he was concerned with:- The social and political structure, the religious concepts and practices and other human activities and relationships that are found in the Bible or pertain to peoples mentioned in the Bible. Following the example of Sir William Flinders Petrie, who worked in Southern Israel from 1890 onwards, Albright was able to establish a systematic way of dating pottery found in Palestine, as when Tell Beit Mirsim , to the south west of Hebron in Jordan, was excavated in the years from 1926-36. His earliest archaeological investigations had as their focus the historicity of the Patriarchs. As late as 1961 he was able to utilize much of his knowledge on this subject , gathered over many years, in his article ‘Abram the Hebrew, a new archeological perspective. ’ In 1922 he had worked at the site of Gibeah ( Tell el ful, meaning hill of beans ) He would also work at other sites such as Beth-Zur, Bethel and Petra , the great trading city of the Nabateans, in Jordan. Although best known, and mainly concerned with biblical archeology, he was also able to make his contribution to knowledge about other near eastern subjects. He helped to establish a correct dating for Hammurabi in Babylon, when he argued with other scholars that their interpretation of a Mari letter was incorrect , His paper entitled, New Light from Egypt on the Chronology and History of Israel and Judah, was concerned with dating the Egytian pharoah Shishak, a contemporary of Soloman who began to rule at some point from 945 and 940 B. C. E. He laid the foundation of the understanding of ancient West Semitic cultures, in particular the religion of the Cananites. For all these reasons he was referred to as ‘The Great Authenticator’ because, among other things, it was he who identified, the Dead Sea Scroll as being authentic, despite his poor eye sight. In 1948, having only seen a photograph up to that point, of the scroll of Isaiah, he wrote to John C. Trevor at the at American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem in March 1948 :- I repeat that in my opinion you have made the greatest manuscript discovery of modern timescertainly the greatest biblical manuscript find What an incredible find! There were in fact some 15,000 fragments making up texts from 574 original manuscripts. The particular text concerned, a complete copy of the prophecy of Isaiah, which had been shown to Trevor by a Syrian Orthodox monk about a year after the original discovery of the scrolls, was the oldest Hebrew text discovered up to that time. Some of his work was instinctive, as when he studied a letter, believed by others to be from the Bronze Age, that is some 4,000 years ago. According to Dale Keiger he just sensed that something was wrong. Only recently has he been proved right. Keiger says of him :- The Bible, before William Foxwell Albright, was exempt from critical appraisal: It was simply Gospel. He goes on to describe how, because he could not see well enough to join in ball games, he studied from an early age. He was brought up in a Christian home and never repudiated Christian interpretations of the Bible, but he did say that it should be studied in the context of history. Albright has been described as the:- Father of biblical archaeology and the dean of American archaeologists working in the southern Levant from the 1920s through the 1960s. And he was ‘father’ in the sense that he passed on both his knowledge and enthusiasm. A number of his former students became leaders in their own right in the field of Biblical study and in archeology. Yet the same writer claims that the impact he made upon archaeological methods can be described as negligible. So was Albright as great as has been claimed? Other workers Although relatively well known because of his association with the amazing finds at Qumran in the 1940’s, Albright was in fact only one of dozens of other leaders of archeological expeditions. These began in a small way when an attempt was made in 1838 by Edward Robinson and Eli Smith to identify biblical cities, using as their basis modern day Arabic names . From the 1860’s onwards Warren began searching in Jerusalem. Albright actually used for the most part methods already established by earlier workers, rather than developing new ways of working. It was the British archeologist Kathleen Kenyon who developed the idea of stratigraphy, which involved close examination of the soil under and around objects discovered. It was her method, which was more demanding upon the excavators that was used from the 1950’s at very important sites such as Jerusalem and Jericho. It was based not upon instinct, but upon very careful analysis and interpretation of the materials found. Albright’s achievements. In Bernard Anderson’s work of 1957 ‘The Living World of the Old Testament’ the index has 17 citations under the name W. F. Albright . This gives some indication of the amount and range of his scholarly writing. For instance it is his opinion about the probable date of the Exodus that became widely accepted at the time. Much of his writing is about the translation of ancient texts. He is known for instance for his views on the history of the word YHWH which he said had it origins in God’s creative ability, a view accepted by some scholars, as Anderson describes. His scholarly writing was wide ranging, as when he described the Canaanite religion in the ancient Syrian city of Ugarit. though it may be in this case that he was only restating what others such as Pritchard had discovered about such very early texts, although Anderson does quote a translation by Albright. He was prepared to argue with others when he felt that he was right as when he stood out about the dating of the Song of Deborah , and the battle of Megiddo. Also with regard to the Biblical prophecy of Habakkuk Anderson describe how many scholars see the Psalm in chapter 3 as having been inserted by different writer, whereas Albright held out for a substantially unique authorship for the whole book, basing this upon the language used. Work by Albright has been confirmed by later work, as when he evacuated King Saul’s fortress at Gibeah, in 1922-3 and found that the charismatic Israelite leader lived a very simple life, in a two story building built upon earlier foundations. His findings were confirmed by Paul Lapp who looked at the site again in 1964. He was acknowledged as an expert upon links between the Bible and archeological findings because of his many writings, as when he wrote ‘Archeology and the Religion of Israel’. Albright was able to study the group of artefacts known as the LMLK seals. He also performed many on-site excavations, the first being one of the most significant, when in 1923 he was able to excavate a tumulus situated near Jerusalem, Israel. Criticism of Albright’s work. Some recent archeologists have seemed to be trying to make a separation between the Biblical record and archeology, whereas Albright sought to prove the Bible from archeology. Archeologist William Denver has said ’Most people really think that archeology is out to prove the Bible. No archeologist thinks so. ’ He has also said of Albright that :- Central theses (regarding the historicity of the Bible) have all been overturned, partly by further advances in biblical criticism, but mostly by the continuing archaeological research of younger Americans and Israelis to whom he himself gave encouragement and momentum. Despite such statements in Albright’s case he was often able to confirm the Biblical record. It has been found by people such as Lapp that his archeology was correct. Having said that Metzer and Coogan in 1993 said that his identification of Tell Beit Mersim as Debir has been disputed. Debir was the ancient fortress of one of the kings of the Amorites who were eventually defeated by Joshua at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan, . Despite this the Thompson Chain Bible marks it to the south west of Hebron as Albright said. The Oxford Companion to the Bible has a similar map, so even when his findings are disputed they are accepted by at least some scholars. Albright’s were not the only person whose findings were disputed. The various different views caused much confusion in the mind of the public. In 1932 he wrote:- Small wonder that historians and Biblical scholars turned away from this chaos of conflicting views in despair, convinced that the main purpose of archaeology was to unearth inscriptions and occasionally to elucidate the arts and the crafts of the ancient inhabitants. Times have moved on in what Thomas described as ‘The Shifting Sands’ of archeology. According to William Dever, as quoted by Thomas Davis, staff needed for excavations in Bible lands would no longer ask the questions posed by the Bible and it associated archaeology, but those raised American anthropology. Conclusion Albright’s real claim to fame seems to have been not so much as a pure archeologist as in his skills in the Semitic group of languages. He was able, despite his faulty eyesight, to examine ancient texts and come to important conclusions. In some cases his findings clearly back up the literal Biblical record. It has now been almost 40 years since his death and so perhaps it is time for a reassessment of his scholarly contribution. There is ongoing work on the Dead Sea Scrolls, but apparently no doubts about Albright’s original dating of the finds at between 200 BCE and 200 C. E. Archeologist Doctor Bryant Wood , one of the Associates for Biblical Research, has described the importance of the Dead Sea Scrolls. They are important because they are roughly 1000 years older than the previously known texts with which they can be compared. This means that they show how the Old Testament scriptures have been faithfully copied and carried forward down the years. Albright was many things – all of them to high standards. He was a biblical scholar and historian, a linguist as well as being an archeologist and an expert in early ceramics. His careful scholarship meant he was able to merge the science of archaeology and his knowledge of the languages used in the Biblical countries with the ancient Biblical narratives, in several instances proving their historical accuracy. In 1964, when his active working life was drawing to its close, he described himself not as a biblical archaeologist, or even as archaeologist, but rather as an Orientalist. Since his day new methods have come in, often using modern day electronic devices that were unavailable to Albright. Despite this it is with good reason that his writings are described as authoritative. During his life time he received numerous awards including both honorary doctorates, and medals. All archeologists are scientists, but they all also work to some extent using their instincts when making choices – Albright it seems was one of the best at doing so, despite the fact that in more recent years his has received considerable adverse criticism. He did his best according to the skills, knowledge, methods, beliefs and attitudes of his time. Dr Albright was able to bring Biblical archeology into the notice of the mainstream However it seems that, according to Thomas Davis , George Ernest Wright, a student of Albright’s has done work which could bring about the end of the kind of Bible based archeology Albright promoted so well. Despite all the negativism in 2004 Thomas Davis, who makes dozens of references to Albright in his book of that year, still felt able to write that ‘Biblical archeology still has validity as a name for the sphere of interaction of archaeology and the Bible.’ G. Ernest Wright in 1982, described him as:- The dominant creative figure in the attempt to place the Bible in a perspective of the whole of ancient history. References. Albright, W. F. The New World Encyclopedia, available from http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/William_F. _Albright internet, accessed 12th May 2010 Albright, W. F. to John C. Trevor, March 1948, The Dead Sea Scrolls, available from http://virtualreligion. net/iho/dss. html, internet, accessed 11th May 2010 Albright, W. F. , Abram the Hebrew, a new archeological interpretation, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 163: 36–54. 1961) Albright, W. F. , â€Å"The Ancient Tell Beit Mirsim†, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Number 23, 1926: 2-14, available from http://ancientneareast. tripod. com/Beit_Mirsim. html, internet, accessed 10th May 2010 Albright, W. F. Archaeology and the Religion of Israel, Baltimore, John Hopkins, 1946 Albright W. F. , Archaeology of Palestine and the Bible. New York: Fleming H. Revell. 1932

Arguments For and Against Online Music Sharing

Arguments For and Against Online Music Sharing In this report, I am going to outline the arguments for and against the unauthorized sharing of music on the internet. I will outline the strengths and weaknesses of unauthorised sharing of music on the internet, using evidence which I will discuss and summarise.As music has begun to circulate in various material forms, it has become more of a commodity, as it has become more transportable. A large part of this is the use of the internet to share and download music in the form of files. The information market regime, a theory evolved by Weick (1995), suggests that a market information regime conveys the impression that the information gathered by the music industry is valid and very important, and that its availability creates demand for its use in interpreting the market. I will touch on this point further in this report.I will also touch on several resources, both textbook and internet based, which outline theories, practices and articles in relation to the evolution, distribution and contestation of sharing music online. Â  Advantages of Sharing Music Although there are few advantages of sharing music online, Caves (2001, p.6) suggests that due to the infinite variety of the nature of the creative industries, the multidimensional quality of cultural products makes it hard to predict what audiences will like. Its multidimensional nature means that it is valued in a variety of ways by listeners across different places and is modified by musicians in new ways. This means that although unauthorised music sharing can make it difficult to log and track patterns in the market and predict what audiences will like, it does not hinder this process as it is already difficult to measure the market and its demands. Although there are difficulties in predicting cultural taste, pre-testing may be used. In terms of the music market, pre-testing is a form of research carried out before production is complete and major resources have been committed (Banks, Barnett and Mahendran, 2012). With music pre-testing, a single song from an album may be shared with a select audience to review and give feedback. This means that the song may be shared across a wider audience by unauthorised means, however, as no major resources have been committed, the musicians do not lose profit and their reputation may grow because of the song being shared. By having a wide range, the chances are that the albums produced will become hits, meaning that these will more than cover the costs lost by unauthorised music sharing. Despite internet based forms of distribution meaning that music becomes shared illegally, it also means that the information regime is transformed as music companies can gain more direct knowledge of the market through their own download websites and websites that allow music audiences to post information about music tastes, such as what they like and dislike (Walsh and Mitchell, 2010). The article written by Miller (2012) says that lots of people seemingly dont have any problem with downloading pirated music. In fact, 70% of online users say they find nothing wrong with online piracy, and 63% of users admit to doing some illegal downloading. So, while music piracy may be illegal, its socially accepted. This suggests that although piracy is illegal, it has become more socially acceptable, despite the risks of websites being closed and frequent users facing bans. Â  Disadvantages of Sharing Music There are many disadvantages of the unauthorised sharing of music on the internet. As music has begun to circulate in various material forms, it has become more of a commodity, thus has become more portable. A large part of this is the use of the internet to share and download music in the form of files. However, music is being shared by unauthorised internet users and websites which can have detrimental consequences. For example, it is difficult to measure market trends in the creative industry, which means that recorded music turns over quickly and must be measured by trends in existing sales by logging both physical and virtual sales. These markets are characterised by uncertainty, meaning that commercial activity is shaped by the need to predict and manage this uncertain demand. This can be tricky if music is being shared in an unauthorised way as it means that the music trends recorded will not be accurate so may hinder actual music sales. Baharat and Peterson (2000) suggest that the information generated by this market research reflects existing tastes and helps to construct the market. The information market regime, a theory evolved by Weick (1995), suggests that a market information regime conveys the impression that the information is valid and very important, and that its accessibility creates demand for its use in understanding the market. However, this suggests that information regimes typically take the form of sales reports, and hot selling items, which makes this predict and provide method invalid due to music being shared in an unauthorised way online, as it means all sales are not recorded, thus meaning the figures are inaccurate. As we can see in the article written by BBC Blogs, Waters (2009) suggests that sharing music illegally online causes significant damage and means that artists from different backgrounds are not being paid for their professional work, saying that up to 800,000 jobs in the creative industry may be threatened almost half of the entire industry. However, the government is being advised to force internet providers to place a ban on frequent file sharers, meaning more of a consequence may be put in place. The article written by Ernestro (2015) agrees with Waters (2009) as it suggests that a strategy has been put in place to curb online piracy by sending warnings to frequent file sharers and alleged pirates. This warning programme is part of the Creative Content UK (CCUK) initiative which is hosting a series of educational campaigns, called Get it right from a Genuine Site, encouraging people, especially young people and students, to steer clear of pirate sites and to use authorised, approved services instead, thus meaning that copyright holders and industry employees are not facing the detrimental effects that illegal file sharing causes. The initiative intends to measure the consumption of legal and illegal consumption of content in order to create and use statistics as a way of deterring piracy.The article written by PRS for music (2015) provides more depth into the aims and views of the Get it Right from a Genuine Site campaign, especially as it suggests that the 1.7 million employ ees of the creative industries may be at risk of job loss due to unauthorised file sharing. It is vital that they are protected from both transgression and copyright so that more can be invested into creating new content for fans to appreciate. Whilst the article largely outlines the disadvantages of piracy, it could be advantageous as its encouraging people to make the right choice rather than issuing sanctions. Conclusion To conclude, the disadvantages of unauthorised file sharing massively outweigh the advantages. Whilst it is advantageous in terms of testing the market for trends and demand, unauthorised file sharing can have some detrimental effects on the creative industries. The educational campaign, Get it right from a Genuine Site, is clearly seeking to reduce piracy and creative industry employees losing both money and their jobs, by aiming to educate the public about unauthorised file sharing to encourage them to use licensed services to share and download music. The campaign has been using a promotional hashtag on social media sites to attempt to spread their message. It may be worth further considering the CCUK campaign and their resources when organising your week of debate and raising awareness around internet use. The article written by PRS for music (2015) mostly outlines the disadvantages of unauthorised sharing of music on the internet. Neville-Rolfe, the Minister for Intellectual Property, suggests that the campaign is helping to improve the UKs economy and culture, simply by encouraging people to download from genuine sites. This can then help to ensure that by protecting and promoting the future of entertainment that it can help the industry to grow and expand as opposed to shrinking and losing money because of job losses and infringement. Overall, it is clear to see that there are many disadvantages of unauthorised music sharing, which heavily outweigh any positives there may be. I hope you have found this report useful in outlining the advantages and disadvantages of sharing music online, and that it will be beneficial in creating a week of debate on this topic around good practice and safe internet use. References Adorno, T. (1945) A social critique of radio music, Kenyon Review, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 208-17. Anand, B.N. and Peterson, R. (2000) When market information constitutes fields: sensemaking of markets in the commercial music industry, Organization Science, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 270-84. Banks, M., Barnett, C. and Mahendran, K. (2012). The Uses of Social Science. Milton Keynes: The Open University, p.19. Baulch, E. (2003) Gesturing elsewhere: the identity politics of the Balinese death/thrash metal scene, Popular Music, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 195-215. Baulch, E. (2008) Making Scenes: Reggae, Punk, and Death Metal in 1990s Bali, Durham, NC, Duke University Press. Caves, R. (2001) Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press. Clifford, J. (1986) Introduction: partial truths in Clifford, J. and Marcus, G. (eds) Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press. Clifford, J. (1992) Travelling cultures in Grossberg, L., Nelson, C. and Treichler, P. (eds) Cultural Studies, New York/London, Routledge. Douk Saga Sagacite (16 May 2007) YouTube video, added by missyolga [online], www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGQlXbe2pq4 (Accessed 23 November 2012) Ernesto (2015) UK anti-piracy education campaign launched, quietly, TorrentFreak, 1 December Eternal Madness -Gila Sepanjang Masa (11 February 2011) YouTube video, added by PRASASTY666 [online], www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxOH3DXRHas (Accessed 15 August 2012). Geertz, C. (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures, New York, Basic Books. Gronow, P. and Saunio, I. (1998) An International History of the Recording Industry, London, Cassell. Gupta, A. and Ferguson, J. (eds) (1997) Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology, Durham, NC, Duke University Press. Informa Telecoms Media (2010) Pop is still king of the worlds music genres, Music Copyrights Blog, 11 August [online], http://musicandcopyright.wordpress.com/2010/08/11/pop-is-still-king-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-music-genres/ (Accessed 15 August 2012). Katz, E. and Lazarsfeld, P. (1955) Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communication, Glencoe, IL, Free Press. Miller, M. (2012). Downloading Pirated Music: Pros and Cons | | Que. [online] Quepublishing.com. Available at: http://www.quepublishing.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1946755 [Accessed 7 Feb. 2017]. Ortner, S. (1995) Resistance and the problem of ethnographic refusal, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 173-93. PRS for Music (2015) Get it right safeguarding the UKs creative industries, PRS for Music, 23 October Scannell, P. (2007) Media and Communication, London, Sage. Steil, L. (2011) Realness: authenticity, innovation and prestige among young danseurs afros in Paris, in Toynbee, J. and Dueck, B. (eds) Migrating Music, London, Routledge. Walsh, G. and Mitchell, V-W. (2010) The effect of consumer confusion proneness on word of mouth, trust, and customer satisfaction, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 838-59. Waters, Darren. How Damaging Is Illegal File Sharing?. BBC. N.p., 2009. Web. 28 Jan. 2017.

She Stoops to Conquer Essay -- Oliver Goldsmith

She Stoops to Conquer Oliver Goldsmith had an immediate hit on his hands after the first performance of his play She Stoops to Conquer on March 15, Covent Garden. During the eighteenth century She Stoops to Conquer was popular throughout England and its popularity even spread to the then still young, America. Before its debut, Goldsmith took great pains in choosing the right title for his play. Some of the titles that he rejected were The Old House a New Inn, The Mistakes of the Night (which became its subtitle), and The Belle's Stratagem (Ferguson 26). One of the reasons that this comedy was such a hit was its departure from the high minded, more dramatic comedy of the day. Though the play does not rely solely on slapstick comedy, some of its best scenes are farcical. The play itself has been called a "laughing comedy" and many of the best comic moments are still as funny today as they were over 200 years ago (Danziger 57). Tying with Dryden's Amphityron, She Stoops to Conquer is the most entertaining eighteenth-century play that I have read to date. The plot concerns the "Mistakes of the Night" and the resulting problems that come between two sets of lovers. The story centers on Charles Marlow and George Hasting's attempts to court Kate Hardcastle and Constance Neville, and how a practical joke played by Kate's stepbrother results in cases of mistaken identity, and many acts of blatant greed, selfishness and plain stupidity that almost ruin two pending marriages. Many of the situations and characters in the play are recognizable in the twentieth century. Mr. Hardcastle's concern with his daughter's dress and prospects for marriage are akin to a father not wanting his little girl to start wearing makeup and high heels... ...es common comic tools such as mistaken identity and conflict between lovers to a higher plane. It is perfectly understandable that this comedy is still popular today in many places including America, where it is performed quite frequently in period dress. I missed the opportunity to see it performed while in Colonial Williamsburg a year ago, but hope that I might one day have another opportunity. I'm sure that it is even more amusing on stage than it is on paper. Casts Lists: original performance, March 15, 1773, Covent Garden October 3, 1775, Drury Lane Works Cited Danziger, Marlies K. Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1978 Ferguson, Oliver W. "Kate's Stratagem and the Naming of the She Stoops to Conquer." Restoration and 18th Century Theatre Research. Illinois: Loyola University of Chicago, 1991 She Stoops to Conquer Essay -- Oliver Goldsmith She Stoops to Conquer Oliver Goldsmith had an immediate hit on his hands after the first performance of his play She Stoops to Conquer on March 15, Covent Garden. During the eighteenth century She Stoops to Conquer was popular throughout England and its popularity even spread to the then still young, America. Before its debut, Goldsmith took great pains in choosing the right title for his play. Some of the titles that he rejected were The Old House a New Inn, The Mistakes of the Night (which became its subtitle), and The Belle's Stratagem (Ferguson 26). One of the reasons that this comedy was such a hit was its departure from the high minded, more dramatic comedy of the day. Though the play does not rely solely on slapstick comedy, some of its best scenes are farcical. The play itself has been called a "laughing comedy" and many of the best comic moments are still as funny today as they were over 200 years ago (Danziger 57). Tying with Dryden's Amphityron, She Stoops to Conquer is the most entertaining eighteenth-century play that I have read to date. The plot concerns the "Mistakes of the Night" and the resulting problems that come between two sets of lovers. The story centers on Charles Marlow and George Hasting's attempts to court Kate Hardcastle and Constance Neville, and how a practical joke played by Kate's stepbrother results in cases of mistaken identity, and many acts of blatant greed, selfishness and plain stupidity that almost ruin two pending marriages. Many of the situations and characters in the play are recognizable in the twentieth century. Mr. Hardcastle's concern with his daughter's dress and prospects for marriage are akin to a father not wanting his little girl to start wearing makeup and high heels... ...es common comic tools such as mistaken identity and conflict between lovers to a higher plane. It is perfectly understandable that this comedy is still popular today in many places including America, where it is performed quite frequently in period dress. I missed the opportunity to see it performed while in Colonial Williamsburg a year ago, but hope that I might one day have another opportunity. I'm sure that it is even more amusing on stage than it is on paper. Casts Lists: original performance, March 15, 1773, Covent Garden October 3, 1775, Drury Lane Works Cited Danziger, Marlies K. Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1978 Ferguson, Oliver W. "Kate's Stratagem and the Naming of the She Stoops to Conquer." Restoration and 18th Century Theatre Research. Illinois: Loyola University of Chicago, 1991

Self Destructive Behavior and Role of the I function Essay -- Biology

Self Destructive Behavior and Role of the I function The I function describes all behavior associated with the notion of self. Is there really a specific I function and what is its role exactly? Because the I function is linked to the self, one would think that it would prevent harmful behaviors. However, there are cases where the I function does not intervene to terminate detrimental actions for example addiction and a mental disorder called Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In both cases, a person is harming themselves and can not seem to stop. Does the I function play a role in self-destructive behavior? By researching addiction, more specifically alcoholism, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, it is clear that the I function can be overruled by other structures of the brain even when harm to the body is one of the final outcomes. Addiction is defined as a physical and psychological dependence on a substance or behavior (1). Initially the behavior simply satisfies the person but turns into addiction when strong urges accompany the behavior and the person feels that it is needed to avoid painful feelings. What is causing the urges? The brain can be divided into two parts, the primitive brain and the new brain or the neocortex (2). The primitive or beast brain is responsible for survival appetites which are associated with physical pleasure. However, in order to satisfy the urges, the beast brain must communicate to the neocortex and cause the necessary motions to get the drug or exhibit the behavior. According to Rational Recovery (2), the neocortex, or you can overcome the beast brain. Is this alluding to the I function? If this is true, why did the behavior become an addiction in the first place? Where was the I function during that first d... ... the desires of the limbic system, but when necessary the limbic system can ignore the inhibition. There are three structures previously mentioned, the neocortex, the limbic system and the I function. Certainly the first two exist and have specific locations. The I function is only a hypothetical at this point. It fits conveniently into hypotheses. It has not yet been proven wrong but at the same time more evidence is found indicating that the I function can not be included in the same category as structures like the limbic system or the neocortex. It does not have a definite location or a definite purpose. Does the I function exist or is it just wishful thinking that somewhere in the brain is the self or the soul which has some control over our actions whether or not the influence is beneficial. Internet Sources: http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC06/Gilman1.htm Self Destructive Behavior and Role of the I function Essay -- Biology Self Destructive Behavior and Role of the I function The I function describes all behavior associated with the notion of self. Is there really a specific I function and what is its role exactly? Because the I function is linked to the self, one would think that it would prevent harmful behaviors. However, there are cases where the I function does not intervene to terminate detrimental actions for example addiction and a mental disorder called Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In both cases, a person is harming themselves and can not seem to stop. Does the I function play a role in self-destructive behavior? By researching addiction, more specifically alcoholism, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, it is clear that the I function can be overruled by other structures of the brain even when harm to the body is one of the final outcomes. Addiction is defined as a physical and psychological dependence on a substance or behavior (1). Initially the behavior simply satisfies the person but turns into addiction when strong urges accompany the behavior and the person feels that it is needed to avoid painful feelings. What is causing the urges? The brain can be divided into two parts, the primitive brain and the new brain or the neocortex (2). The primitive or beast brain is responsible for survival appetites which are associated with physical pleasure. However, in order to satisfy the urges, the beast brain must communicate to the neocortex and cause the necessary motions to get the drug or exhibit the behavior. According to Rational Recovery (2), the neocortex, or you can overcome the beast brain. Is this alluding to the I function? If this is true, why did the behavior become an addiction in the first place? Where was the I function during that first d... ... the desires of the limbic system, but when necessary the limbic system can ignore the inhibition. There are three structures previously mentioned, the neocortex, the limbic system and the I function. Certainly the first two exist and have specific locations. The I function is only a hypothetical at this point. It fits conveniently into hypotheses. It has not yet been proven wrong but at the same time more evidence is found indicating that the I function can not be included in the same category as structures like the limbic system or the neocortex. It does not have a definite location or a definite purpose. Does the I function exist or is it just wishful thinking that somewhere in the brain is the self or the soul which has some control over our actions whether or not the influence is beneficial. Internet Sources: http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC06/Gilman1.htm

Sociology :: Sociology Essays

Intro to Sociology When asked about transsexuals, Mildred Brown, author of True Selves quoted that it is a â€Å"dilemma of feeling trapped in the wrong physical gender.† Transsexuality is a phenomenon, which really has not been scientifically examined. Through talk shows such as Jerry Springer, Jenny Jones or the Maury Show, society tends to see a one-sided view on this matter. While watching the Maury Show, â€Å"Man or Woman†, the audience’s reaction to the transsexuals on stage were not of disgust but more of awe. They were in awe that a man could look so much like a woman and how some women showed very masculine features. The guests on this show were inevitably labeled as "freaks" regardless of whether it was verbally spoken or not. The talk show was a brief one. Maury Povich, the host, introduced 12 beautiful women onto the stage. There were two black women, five Hispanic women, and five white women on stage. They all flaunted their flawless bodies. Some were voluptuous; others were more on the thinner side, yet none of them seemed to be any â€Å"different† than any other model/porn star. All the guests on this show were in their mid twenties to their mid thirties. The theme of this show was for the audience to see if they could tell the difference between a man and a woman. Watching the faces in the audience, I noted that each and every one of them were judging all the guests. were 100% men, and some were 100% women. They all stood in a line and for each one, the cross-dressing guests would either prove the audience wrong or right in their judgments. On more than half of the guests, the audience was proven wrong. It was incredible to see some of these guests strut their bodies as the opposite gender. Some of the men looked so much like women that the audience was in complete shock when they revealed their true gender. Now came the interrogation. I call this an interrogation because all these guests are individually put on under the spotlight. Maury Povich digs under their skin to try to expose how â€Å"freakish† they really are. The audience is silent and their faces are wrinkled in confusion to try to understand why the guests are the way they are and who or what made them become like this. The guests sit on their chairs with their head held up high, legs crossed, gloating under all the attention they are receiving.

Institutional Discrimination Essay

Sociologists often follow (Merton 1972, p. 20) in defining discrimination as the treatment of a functionally relevant status (such as race or sex) as relevant for the distribution of some reward or penalty. While legal standards of discrimination have changed since the passage of Title VII (Blumrosem, 1993, p. 110), legal scholars theoretically concur that discrimination involves the desperate treatment of similarly situated individuals because of their sex, race, color, national origin, religion or some other protected characteristics (Belz 1991; Blumrosen 1993, p 50). Diversity is defined as real or perceived difference among people that affect their interactions and relationships. (Bell, 2007). Knowing how to deal professionally with racism and racial discrimination in the workplace is important in managing the situation quickly and effectively and with the least upset possible. In the fiscal year 1997-2008, the United States EEOC received 28,372 charges of sex discrimination. EEOC resolved 24,018 sex discrimination charges in FY 2008 and recovered $109. million in monetary benefits for charging parties and other aggrieved individuals (not including monetary benefits obtained through litigation). Causes: Sexism, gender and racial discrimination are more common in the patriarchal societies. The term patriarchy refers to a society where men are granted the majority of social and political power. When thought of in this way, the cause of gender or racial discrimination has to do with unequal power where men and people of a particular race are granted more power than others. Institutional discrimination begins with recruitment process. Most jobs, especially the better ones, are not openly advertised. Knowledge of their existence is usually limited to friends and colleagues of those in power in the institutions, and in turn their friends and associates. Much institutional discrimination results from judgments made on secondary rather than primary characteristics such as educational background employment history, supervisory experience, age, income, etc. Misconceptions about employment experiences of women of color, particularly black women abound. Black women are often stereotyped as being unwilling to work, preferring nstead to use welfare to support her children (Bell 2007). Consequences: Cost associated with doing a poor job by not integrating workers from different background and gender could be very high. Organizations that do not value diversity reduce employee relations and also increase the cost of staff turnover. Costs associated with turnover include exit interviews, lost productivity while positions are unfilled and recruiting cost for replacement of employees. Cox, T. , & Blake, S. (1991). Talked about non-resourceful acquisition. Cox and Blake describe an organization’s ability to attract and retain employees from different backgrounds as resource acquisition. Employees from diverse backgrounds may include women, people of color, older workers, workers with disabilities and minorities, therefore organizations who do not have diverse workers are not resourceful in acquiring employees. An organization that does not value diversity lacks creativity and problem solving capability. Organizations composed of the same group of people, with same background would lack creativity and the problem solving ability of these competitive business environments. Research indicates that groups composed of people from different backgrounds bring with them different experiences that result in greater creativity and problem solving ability. These abilities stem from different life experiences, language abilities, and education that groups composed of different members have. An organization that discriminates or does not appreciate diversity in the workplace lacks system flexibility. System flexibility is the final way that Cox and Blake proposed that valuing diversity provides organizations with a competitive advantage. They argue that women have a higher tolerance for ambiguity than men. Tolerance for ambiguity is associated with cognitive complexity and success in uncertain situations. Other researchers have pointed out women’s ability to† multitask,† successfully handling multiple tasks concurrently. Organizations that discriminate against women therefore lack the flexibility and thus poor turnover. Due to amount of media attention focusing on lawsuits and damage settlements, an organization that discriminates in hiring employees from different ethnic groups and cultures might be at risk for law suits. Firstly to find solution to discrimination one has to be aware of one’s own stereotypes and biases, making conscious efforts to challenge and address them. Evaluation of current system of recruitment and promotion in the workplace is also very important. The current system of recruitment and promotion in a workplace needs to be examined and evaluated. Occupational hierarchies need to be examined both to determine the actual content of jobs and to remove barriers to mobility built into such hierarchies which serve to discriminate (Jo Freeman 1970). Not only are efforts to recruit and hire people from diverse backgrounds important, efforts to ensure that they are treated fairly after employment are also critical to successful diversity programs. Managers and professionals should be made to understand the importance of diversity in the workplace. The benefits of diversity is not farfetched, if an organization develops a reputation for valuing all types of employees, it would become known as an employer of choice, increasing its ability to attract and retain workers from a variety of backgrounds. Valuing diversity can also benefit organizations in the areas of cost, resource acquisition, marketing, creativity, and problem solving and system flexibility. As a manager or supervisor that is hiring in an organization, pay particular attention to relevant information and ignore irrelevant, race-based stereotypes. This will help to eliminate what is not necessary and help to focus on necessity. Applying sanctions for violation of anti-discriminatory norms by employers is very important to stop discrimination in workplaces. Title VII of the civil right act of 1964 (Title VII) prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Federal and state law has expanded the rights afforded employees, giving them greater opportunities to bring claim against employer. The 1991 civil rights act specifically permits both punitive and compensatory damages for most type of discrimination and grants the right to a jury trial for such claim. I will also advice employees if they have suffered an insult, an injury, or a wrong at work to go slowly. Decide what you want to gain. If an apology from your employer would suffice, save yourself the time and expense of filling a legal action. Finally in light of societal changes, responsible managers and professionals at all levels should acknowledge the need to reassess the influence of culture and diversity on achieving expected organizational outcome. The deliberate attempt to discover and apply the positive benefits of cultural variation promotes respect and a celebration of the value of diversity, whereas perpetuating prejudice fosters narrow-mindedness and contempt.

Leasing Company in Viet Nam

LEASING COMPANY IN VIET NAM | Advantage| Disadvantage| Market| Viet Nam is considered as a great potential market for developing financial leasing activities. In Vietnam, this form of credit is quite suitable for small and medium enterprise, so the number of small and medium enterprises account for more than 95% of the total number of enterprises created a huge demand and practical for financial leasing services.The fundamental reason of this demand comes from the aspects such as: * The urgency of innovation of equipment, machine and technology for enterprises * The limited capital sources of small and medium-sized enterprises| In fact, leasing companies have not found a suitable market segment. A large number of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam are the target customers of the leasing companies do not know or have little information about true benefits of financial leasing services.Above disadvantage is due to following main reasons: * It is difficult to change habits of Vietn amese businesses: When they need capital to renewal technology, they often borrow from the banks * The propaganda, disseminating information, and access the leasing company's customers are still limited. | Market share| At the present, there are 12 enterprises operating in financial leasing field, so the competition is not great.Companies can share the market share and earn profit| | Legal | | System of law in the financial leasing activities is asynchronous and inadequate: especially, the provisions on settlement of disputes,asset recovery, asset register is not consistent| Capital | | In fact, the capital of the leasing company is very small, while credit activity of this type of company is the medium and long term (1 year or more).On the other hand,It is very difficult to raise capital to leasing company in Viet Nam, which mainly rely on the bank's loans but State Bank regulations about these loans are so strict| Bad debt| | In 2012, leasing companies have the highest bad debt ra tio in the list of credit institutionsFor example:Bad debt ratio of the leasing companies in Ho Chi Minh City went up to more than 50% by mid-2012The difficulties in the recovery of assets due to incomplete basis legal is one of the most disadvantage of the leasing company| Human resources | | Lack of qualified staff and manager.Continuous recruitment lead to waste a lot of time and money and have much negative effect on business activities of company. | http://taichinh. vnexpress. net/tin-tuc/goc-chuyen-gia/2012/09/cong-ty-cho-thue-tai-chinh-be-tac-trong-xu-ly-no-xau-21085/ http://www. vcci. com. vn/dau-tu-tai-chinh/20130121092728839/loi-thoat-nao-cho-thue-mua-tai-chinh. htm

The Westerner vs “The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky”

Claire Schneider Joseph Libis English 1002 May 30, 2009 Two works of Literature, â€Å"The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky†, the short story, and â€Å"The Westerner†, the film, try to convey the civilization of the old west, which allows for settlement and development of traditional American values, which are associated with honest and hard working people in the West Texas frontier. Although, one of these works does a better job of conveying overall theme.Between â€Å"The Bride comes to Yellow Sky† and â€Å"The Westerner†, I would say that â€Å"The Westerner did a better job of civilizing on the Western frontier. Throughout the film, it seemed as they were always arguing with each other, but in the end Jane Ellen Mathews, and Carl Hardin became friends. One way to prove this would be that Carl had said that he thought Jane Ellen’s hair was the most beautiful hair he had ever seen. He wanted to keep a lock of her hair.To me, that says a lot if you wan t to keep a lock of some ones hair. There was a scene in which there was a play in which Judge Roy Bean purchased all of the tickets for. Before the play began, Carl Hardin appeared, and they started to have a shooting match. I’m not sure what the reason was. After a long match, they both decided to call it even and make up. It’s always great when movies wind up having a great ending. Two of the characters, Jane Ellen, and Carl Hardin, wanted to have a home together.In Bride Comes to Yellow Sky, two people have just gotten married, and are on board a train to Yellow Sky. When they arrive back in Yellow Sky, they rush towards Jack Potter’s house, but they see, on their way six men sitting at a bar, and a man comes out and announces that Scratchy Wilson has been drinking again. In the very beginning of â€Å"The Westerner† there were men sitting at a bar drinking. This would be one similarity that the two works of literature share.

Pygmalion effect Essay

Would you go under the knife to enhance your career opportunities? Why or why not?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If financial resources are not an issue, it would be best to consider cosmetic surgery if doing it would make a people feel more confident about themselves. While the idea of obtaining skills and looking good can uplift chances for career advancement, physical appearance has become a primary source of confidence for everyone. Hirsch (1988) indicated that cosmetic surgery, good dental care, hair transplants, and anti-wrinkle drugs have been ways not only to improve social lives, but also to enhance career opportunities. Most people now view that the price of cosmetic surgery has become reasonable to think that the results would increase their self confidence and marketability at work. In a survey conducted by the American Academy of Facial and Plastic Reconstructive Surgery (AAFPRS), they indicated that 43 percent of cosmetic surgeons said most male patients were undergoing procedures for career reasons. Actually men would choose nonsurgical procedures often like fat injections, Botox injections and microdermabrasion than surgical procedures because these permit them to return to work very quickly. In an interview, cosmetic Surgeon William Silver said that 10 percent of his male patients tell him they â€Å"want cosmetic surgery to ensure they aren’t overlooked when it comes time for a promotion† (Palmquist, 2004). Some researchers also revealed that physical improvements definitely produce greater psychological and emotional benefits, which would help a person enhance his or her career path. More research claim that doors are more open to really good-looking people (Crampton and Jitendra, 1995). This is why there is no harm in availing cosmetic surgery to look good and feel confident when it means it will make you a happier and more productive individual that would translate to greater chances to notch better opportunities at work. What negative stereotypes are fueling the use of cosmetic surgery to change ones appearance? It is said that stereotypes can often lead to poor decisions, can create barriers for people like women, older individuals, people of color, and people with disabilities, and can undermine loyalty and job satisfaction (Kreitner and Kinicki, 2004). In case of using cosmetic surgery to change appearance, the negative stereotype working is that the concept of better looking people are better workers than plain looking people. This concept of being biased to appearance can apply to age discrimination too, where younger people tend to ignore or put down ideas provided by older people because they think it’s not applicable anymore or â€Å"old school†.   This is why most aging workers would choose to go under the knife because they do not want to appear older and keep up with the younger competition. To what extent does the Pygmalion effect, Galatea effect, and Golem effect play a role in this case? Explain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Greek mythology, Pygmalion fell in love with the statue he made that he prayed to Aphrodite to make this statue a real person. Aphrodite heeded the request of Pygmalion and the statue became real, in the person of Galatea. The essence of this story in our case is that Pygmalion effect or self-fulfilling prophecy maintained that people’s expectations or beliefs determine their behavior and performance, thus serving to make their expectations come true. In short, people strive to validate our perceptions of reality, no matter how faulty they may be. Thus, the self-fulfilling prophecy is a vital perceptual outcome we need to better understand because it can make or break any employee’s self-concept and achievement (Kreitner and Kinicki, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The self-fulfilling prophecy can explain the results of how bigger expectations can turn out to benefit the regular workers to obtain their maximum potential. Kreitner and Kinicki (2004) presented a model (Figure 1) that attempted to outline how supervisory expectations affect employee performance. It exhibited that â€Å"high supervisory expectancy produces better leadership (linkage 1), which subsequently leads employees to develop higher self-expectations (linkage 2). Higher expectations motivate workers to exert more effort (linkage 3), ultimately increasing performance (linkage 4) and supervisory expectancies (linkage 5)†. Figure 1. Model of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (Source: Kreitner and Kinicki, 2004) On the other hand, the term Golem effect represents the negative side of the performance enhancing process. The Golem effect is what you call to a â€Å"loss in performance resulting from low leader expectations†. For example, when a manager sees a tattoo on particular employee and thinks that this employee is a trouble-maker, he or she will be watchful of this characteristic. The employee will soon observe the suspicions of the manager and will soon screw up to validate the ill expectations of the manager. Thus, the Golem effect is the entire opposite of the Pygmalion effect. Based on this case and what you learned in this chapter, do the skills that come with age and experience count for less than appearance in today’s organization? Discuss your rationale. I think that age and experience counts the most than appearance when it comes to knowing the right skills needed in today’s organizations. Although appearance is important, today’s organizations are already frowning upon discriminating people with regards to how they look and their age. It is important that we recognize the fact that everyone has the potential to increase his or her performance, even without undergoing plastic surgery or looking better. It all boils down to how employees feel about themselves, how they respect each other and how satisfied they are in their jobs.   Works Cited Crampton, Suzanne M., and Jitendra M. Mishra. â€Å"Developing and packaging the total corporate image† SAM Advanced Management Journal 60.3 (Summer 1995): 30-40. Hirsch, Jean Edward. â€Å"Vanity prompts more people to risk plastic surgery despite cost†. New York Times (July 14, 1988). Kreitner, Robert and Kinicki, Angelo. Chapter 7: Social Perception and Attributions, Organizational Behavior, 6th ed. NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2004. Palmquist, Susan. â€Å"Handsome ambitions†. Psychology Today 37.4 (July-August 2004): 33.

Construction Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction Economics - Assignment Example The industry provides services such as maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation of existing structures. The industry comprises of three main sectors, which include building construction, heavy and civil engineering and specialty trade contractors. The building and construction sector includes contractors who build buildings for residential, industrial and commercial purposes. Heavy and civil contractors build roads, bridges, sewers and other major projects mostly relate to state infrastructure. Specialty deals with carpentry, painting and other works that relate to all types of construction. The industry teds to enter recessions first and often the last to recover. Most economic factors, which lead to recession, affect the construction industry. Inflation is one of the major causes of recession where consumer goods become expensive resulting to a drop in customer spending. In instances when the economy is expanding, there is increased consumer spending due to better wages and high disposable income. During the economic boom individuals have disposable income, which they use to buy durable goods and assets such as apartments and homes (Samuelson & Nordhaus, 2004 p. 56). In addition, the state acquires more tax revenue, which it utilizes by developing infrastructure. All three sectors of the construction industry indicate tremendous growth during this period. ... This happens in the initial stages of economic contraction. The Federal Reserve additionally, increases the lending interest rates and mortgage rates leading to reduced loans. The monetary control and inflation affect the construction industry even when they are in the early stages of inflation. The fluctuating interest rates results to an increase in the number of defaulters since they are unable to pay (Agapiou et al, 1998, p. 56). Federal Reserve increase in interest rates and reduced money supply result to weak housing market. The increase in lending affects the housing market, which comprises of the building sector of construction industry. Those already building houses are unable to continue due to escalating prices brought by rise in energy cost and fluctuation of currencies. Economic recession heavily affects the construction industry even in the early stages due to initial reduction in customer sending that result to a decrease in the demand of housing due to oversupply. Rec ession affects the industry more when compared to transport, education and financial industries. In addition, housing prices fall leading to a rise in foreclosures. Schmalensee (1987) says that the recession results to a rise in unemployment and thus a decline in the number of construction works (132). An imbalance in supply and demands slows the construction of residential building due to increase in interest rates. For example during 2007 recession total construction in United States declined by 28% (Department of labor). During recession, the government reduces its spending since its budget is normally under strain. This results to a decline in heavy and civil sector of the construction industry, which heavily relies with government projects such as roads and

Aquarius Advertising Agency Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aquarius Advertising Agency - Article Example This is because the Accounts Department is a separate department which does not have direct control over the other departments. The specialists independently communicate and make their own recommendations to the clients. Aquarius' departments and the personnel working in these departments - the specialists - are not working as a team, they are competing with one another. The account executives can not impose their will upon the specialists, and are not informed of the progress and details of the business products or transactions, whether the contract is done or already terminated. With the changes in environment and mode of behavior of the clients, it is already too late of the account executive and the management to know that they have lost the contract. A. In the new organizational chart created for this paper, the Accounts Vice President portfolio is eliminated to avoid overlapping of functions. Streamlining is essential. Some departments have to go, others have to be created. The account executives will work under the Vice Presidents for Operations and Marketing, and will have direct supervision over the different departments/divisions under these two Vice Presidents. This is to ensure that department specialists working for various clients will have to report first to the account executives before they go to the clients. ... Q. What kind of departmentalization is appropriate here A. It is still functional but effective and well defined. Q. What are the present functions of the account executives with respect to the Aquarius specialists A. The account executives will now have more power than their previous positions because they will be working in the same department. Like for example, the TV/Radio Production Department, the account executive for this department will be working directly and have direct supervision over the specialists in this department. The liaison officer will be well knowledgeable of everything inside the department. Q. Why is this structure more effective than the previous one A. This is more defined and effective in the sense that the whole department may have to work as a team. Suggestions, conclusions, problems and all other recommendations will be sorted out inside before it goes to the clients. Account Executives will be working inside the department concerned. No contract will be wasted. Success is within grasp. NEW ORGANIZATIONAL CHART FOR AQUARIUS AD AGENCY References 1.

Student Participation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Student Participation - Essay Example This type of passive response is self-explanatory, the students are hesitant to admit in public that they do not understand the lesson. The admission of such fact is associated with embarrassment and shame since other students would perceive that learner as slow. Unfortunately, the whole class feels that way towards themselves. Anxiety from past unpleasant experiences brought by humiliation either from teachers or fellow students is a strong motivator in keeping one’s self from actively participating in discussions. This is where the role of utilizing response cards becomes important. The learner can participate in learning by joining the group in responding to the question. The inconvenient feeling brought by anxiety is lessened since everybody is exposed when giving out an answer. The group becomes engaged in collaborative learning where nobody stands out nor left out. The first benefit of using response card is helping students overcome their anxiety when participating in class, consequently, frequent interaction that merits a positive response boosts the morale of the learner. This translates to positive reinforcement that would intrinsically motivate the student. The second benefit that response cards provide to the teaching of Math is that it acts as an effective assessment tool for the teachers. It is a common fact that students dislike types of assessment since evaluation of academic performance is always correlated with paper and pencil examination. The mere term â€Å"assessment† already gives a negative connotation for learners since it is associate with failing grades and unkindly remarks from some parents. However in the case of response cards, the students do not easily realize that an assessment is going on. The questions are viewed in a positive way by perceiving it as a challenge. Sometimes, response cards are even seen as

Caring for your Local Voluntary Organisation Essay

Caring for your Local Voluntary Organisation - Essay Example Whatever be the source of the funds, all governments today stress the need for efficient Non-governmental bodies to transform the life of the people. In the UK, they form a part of the government's planning process n local administration as well. Today, the role of an NGO is not debated, only their efficiency is. Organisations such as the UN have now shifted their focus from working with governments in the developing world to NGOs who have a massive contact with the people and work with them for consistent local benefits. NGO's impart a huge service to every nation in terms of its socio-economic development while governments in most cases are restricted to setting up the rules and the supporting infrastructure. Voluntary organisations work closely with the people and are more efficient in bringing out any sustainable benefits to the locality in terms of health care and education. Since the NGO draws a large number of volunteers, who are more committed to the cause they are working on , the efficiency levels of these bodies are very much on the higher side - they are more focussed and committed than many governmental organisations. A large number of these volunteers have different educational degrees and are mostly overqualified for their work. The organisation will also have a large pool of ideas to address any particular problem than a body in the public sector. Mostly all voluntary organisations are run by local members of the society and this means that they have more contact with the people and more information about the problems they face. Networking of the LVOs is a much simpler method to achieve social change than very expensive and cumbersome state run mechanisms. While managing Voluntary associations was considered an easy job in the sixties, it has become more complicated today. The governments in various countries have various rules and regulations that govern the formation and functioning of Voluntary Organisations. Besides these, management of Voluntary organisations also have become a task that is highly specialised in nature. They call for management skills and vitality in time management apartment from monitoring and re-orienting the efforts of the volunteers. The local voluntary organisation is a company registered under the companies act as a charity registered under the charities act. This heterogeneity means that it is both a company and a charity organisation. The guarantors of the organisation are the board members of charity. The Companies Act demands that the board is liable to the company and so the guarantors of the Local Voluntary Organisation is also liable to a sum of money that is limited to their memorandum and articles of association. The guarantors comprise the board of directors and form the executive committee. Registration also places the LVO under the Charities Act and hence the regulatory commission has specified that the board of trustees should have no pecuniary interest in the charity and their primary objectives should be only social good. The legal frame works apart, a local voluntary organisation should have a good governance system that will help it deliver the goodies to the masses. This can take